Enfermería del Trabajo: competencia y experiencia para alcanzar la seguridad, la salud y el bienestar de la población laboral / Occupational Health Nursing: Competence and experience to achieve the safety, health and well-being of the working population

Desde 1953, con la aparición de la figura de Ayudante Técnico Sanitario de Empresa, hasta 2005, con el reconocimiento de la especialidad de Enfermería del Trabajo, los cambios socioculturales y tecnológicos han determinado la evolución del trabajo, de sus procesos y condiciones, pero también han concretado los riesgos laborales a los que los trabajadores estamos expuestos, así como la forma de organizar la prevención, la seguridad y la salud laboral. La Enfermería del Trabajo se define como una especialidad enfermera que aborda los estados de salud de los individuos en su relación con el medio laboral, con el objeto de alcanzar el más alto grado de bienestar físico, mental y social de la población trabajadora, teniendo en cuenta las características individuales del trabajador, del puesto de trabajo y del entorno sociolaboral en que este se desarrolla. La Enfermería del Trabajo desarrolla sus funciones básicas a través de la vigilancia de la salud de los trabajadores, y constituye, junto con Medicina del Trabajo, la unidad básica de salud que, a su vez, forma parte de los servicios de prevención de las empresas públicas y privadas. Hoy en día existen en España unos 9.000 especialistas en Enfermería del Trabajo, un número insuficiente para garantizar la prevención de accidentes de trabajo y enfermedades profesionales, detectar precozmente enfermedad laboral, promocionar la salud a través de la modificación de estilos de vida y mejorar el bienestar de la población trabajadora española. Enfermería del Trabajo es consciente de los innumerables retos que debe afrontar en los próximos años y, para ello, recurre a competencias tan fundamentales como la docencia, la gestión y la investigación para integrarse dentro de los proyectos interdisciplinares en salud laboral que den solución a los cada vez más complejos problemas de salud y seguridad en el trabajo

From 1953, with the appearance of the Company Occupational Health Technical Assistant Specialist, until 2005, with the recognition of the specialty of Occupational Health Nursing, socio-cultural and technological changes have determined the evolution of work, its processes and conditions, but have also specified the occupational risks to which workers are exposed, as well as how to organize prevention, safety and occupational health. Occupational Health Nursing is defined as a nursing specialty that addresses the health status of individuals in their relationship with the workplace, in order to achieve the highest level of physical, mental and social well-being of the working population, taking into account the individual characteristics of the worker, the job and the socio-labour environment in which they develop. Occupational Health Nursing undertakes its basic functions through the surveillance of workers’ health, and constitutes, beside Occupational Medicine, the basic health unit, which in turn is part of the prevention services of both public and private companies. Today there are about 9,000 specialists in Occupational Health Nursing in Spain, an insufficient number to guarantee the prevention of accidents at work and occupational diseases, the early detection of occupational pathology, the promotion of health through modification of lifestyles and the improvement of the well-being of the Spanish working population. Occupational Health Nursing is aware of the challenges that it must face in the coming years and therefore, it relies on competences as fundamental as teaching, management and research to integrate into interdisciplinary projects in occupational health that provide solutions to increasingly complex health and safety problems at work

[Role of the occupational health nurse]. / Rôle de l'infirmier de santé au travail.

The missions of occupational health nurses are exclusively preventive, except in the event of emergency situations. They are involved in the prevention of occupational stress, the assessment of psychosocial risks and the improvement of quality of life at work.

An Employee-Centered Care Model Responds to the Triple Aim: Improving Employee Health.

Health care expenditures, patient satisfaction, and timely access to care will remain problematic if dramatic changes in health care delivery models are not developed and implemented. To combat this challenge, a Triple Aim approach is essential; Innovation in payment and health care delivery models is required. Using the Donabedian framework of structure, process, and outcome, this article describes a nurse-led employee-centered care model designed to improve consumers' health care experiences, improve employee health, and increase access to care while reducing health care costs for employees, age 18 and older, in a corporate environment.

AAOHN Member Opinions on Demonstrating Value: A Closer Look at the Findings.

An assessment was conducted to update a tool kit published by the American Association of Occupational Health Nurses (AAOHN) in 1998. The original document, Success Tool for Measuring and Articulating Value, had been a respected resource. Although the AAOHN guide, Demonstrating Value, is a tool with steps and examples for demonstrating value, the intention of this article is to explore the rich data collected during the assessment process, which included interviews with occupational health nurse leaders and an AAOHN member survey. Findings were summarized including data responses compared with occupational health nurses' tenure in the profession, size of company, job title, and clinic setting (i.e., single- vs. multi-nurse or corporate clinic). In addition, key advice from occupational health nurse leaders was summarized. Justifying services and demonstrating value were viewed by all respondents as essential to the profession as well as for ensuring the quality of occupational health nursing services. A gap was identified between more experienced occupational health nurses and those new to the field, as well as between occupational health nursing settings related to the importance of, and involvement in, demonstrating value.

The American Association of Occupational Health Nurses: Seventy-Five Years of Education, Practice, and Research.

For the past 75 years, the American Association of Industrial Nurses, and later the American Association of Occupational Health Nurses, has advocated for occupational and environmental health nurses by supporting quality undergraduate and graduate education in the specialty and certification through the American Board of Occupational Health Nurses, Inc., and providing funding for and dissemination of occupational health nursing research as well as by developing occupational health nursing practice standards, competencies, and code of ethics.

History, Passion, and Performance.

History, Passion, and Performance was chosen as the theme for the 75th anniversary of the American Association of Occupational Health Nurses (AAOHN) kickoff. The American Association of Occupational Health Nurses has a long history created by passionate, dedicated members. This article highlights historical foundations of the Association, describes the occupational health nurse's passion to drive quality care for workers and discusses future professional and organizational challenges.

Antineoplásicos y riesgos laborales para los enfermeros: una revisión integral / Antineoplásicos e os riscos ocupacionais para os enfermeiros: uma revisão integrativa Antineoplastic and occupational risks for nurses: an integrative review

Introducción: Son muchos los riesgos laborales a los que están expuestos los trabajadores de salud que manipulan quimioterápicos. Objetivos: Identificar y describir los daños a corto, medio y largo plazo, causados en el organismo de los enfermeros y otros profesionales de la salud, que están expuestos a los fármacos antineoplásicos en el lugar de trabajo. Metodología: Estudio de revisión integradora de la literatura, con la recogida de datos en la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud, en los meses de septiembre a octubre de 2013, en las bases de datos de biblioteca electrónica Scientific Electronic Library Online y en las bases de datos de la Literatura Latino Americana y Caribeña Ciencias de la Salud, la Base de Datos de Enfermería y el Análisis de la Literatura Médica y Recuperación del Sistema en Línea, con las palabras: 'Antineoplasicos and Risco Ocupacional and Enfermagem', 'Antineoplastic and Occupational Risk' y 'Antineoplastic and Nursing'. Resultados: Daño en el material genético, aumento de la frecuencia de micronúcleos en linfocitos, aumento de intercambio de cromátidas hermanas, un mayor nivel de la excreción urinaria antineoplásica, aumento de casos de cáncer, mayor incidencia de anomalías congénitas en la descendencia y aborto en el primer trimestre del embarazo son algunos de los resultados encontrados en este estudio. Conclusión: El daño más frecuente ocurre al ácido desoxirribonucleico, el predominio a medio y largo plazo, siendo el tiempo de exposición fundamental para aumentar el daño. A corto y largo plazo predominaron daños relacionado con el embarazo y el desarrollo fetal, con aumento de anomalías congénitas y aborto. Acompañamiento genético, así como equipos de protección individual son esenciales para minimizar los daños (AU)

Introdução: são inúmeros os riscos ocupacionais aos quais os trabalhadores de saúde que manipulam quimioterápicos são expostos. Objetivos: identificar e descrever os danos em curto, médio e longo prazo, causados ao organismo dos enfermeiros, e demais profissionais da saúde, que são expostos à antineoplásicos no ambiente de trabalho. Metodologia: estudo de revisão integrativa da literatura, com coleta de dados na Biblioteca Virtual da Saúde, nos meses de setembro a outubro de 2013, nas bases de dados da biblioteca eletrônica Scientific Electronic Library Online e nas bases de dados da Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde, da Base de Dados de Enfermagem e da Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, tendo como descritores: "Antineoplasicos and Risco Ocupacional and Enfermagem", "Antineoplastic and Occupational Risk" e "Antineoplastic and Nursing". Resultados: danos ao material genético, aumento da frequência de micronúcleos em linfócitos, aumento da troca das cromátides irmãs, aumento do nível de antineoplásicos na excreção urinária, aumento dos casos de câncer, aumento da incidência de anomalias congênitas na prole e aborto no primeiro trimestre da gravidez são alguns dos resultados encontrados por este estudo. Conclusão: o dano mais frequente ocorreu ao ácido desoxirribonucleico, e predominou em médio e longo prazo, com o tempo de exposição sendo decisivo ao aumento dos prejuízos. Em curto e longo prazo predominaram danos ligados à gestação e ao desenvolvimento do feto, com aumento das anomalias congênitas e aborto. Acompanhamento genético, bem como Equipamentos de Proteção Individual são fundamentais para minimizar os danos

Introduction: There are countless occupational hazards to which health workers who handle chemotherapeutic substances are exposed. Objectives: To identify and describe the short-, medium- and long-term damages that are caused in the bodies of nurses and other health professionals who are exposed to antineoplastic drugs in the workplace. Methodology: To study an integrative literature review, with data collection in the Virtual Health Library in the months from September to October 2013, the database of the Scientific Electronic Library Online, and in the databases of the Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences, the Database of Nursing and the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, with the keywords: 'Antineoplasicos and Risco Ocupacional and Enfermagem', 'Antineoplastic and Occupational Risk' and 'Antineoplastic and Nursing.' Results:, Damage to genetic material, increased frequency of micronuclei in lymphocytes, increased exchange of sister chromatids, increased levels of antineoplastic urinary excretion, increased cases of cancer, increased incidence of congenital anomalies in offspring and miscarriages in the first trimester of pregnancy are some of the results found in this study. Conclusion: The most frequent damage occurred in the deoxyribonucleic acid, and predominated in medium and long terms, with the exposure time being crucial to increasing damage. In short and long term predominated damage linked to pregnancy and the developing fetus, with increase in congenital abnormalities and abortion. Genetic monitoring as well as Personal Protective Equipment are essential to minimize damage (AU)

Feel-good factor of a healthy workforce.

New guidance from NICE recommends that employees' health and wellbeing should be a core priority for senior managers. Occupational health nurses on building sites and oil rigs are encouraging the mainly male staff to take up healthier diets and exercise and quit smoking.

Occupational health nursing in Turkey: an international update.

This article discussed Turkey's occupational health system and the current education, legislation, and practice of occupational health nursing.

Gaining insights.

Occupational and environmental health nurses should use insights to solve problems and promote worker health and safety.

Revisión de aspectos normativos y funcionales del personal de los Cuerpos Facultativo y de Enfermeros de Instituciones Penitenciarias / A review of the regulatory and functional aspects of prison health care and nursing staff

Con relación a los funcionarios sanitarios penitenciarios encuadrados en los Cuerpos Facultativo de Sanidad Penitenciaria y de Enfermeros de Instituciones Penitenciarias, este trabajo tiene dos objetivos. El primero, anotar el régimen jurídico aplicable a los mismos como funcionarios de la Administración General del Estado al servicio de las Instituciones Penitenciarias, destacando las peculiaridades de la regulación normativa aplicable por el hecho de prestar ese servicio. El segundo, con el trasfondo de las normas generales que sobre sanidad penitenciaria contiene la Ley Orgánica 1/1979, de 26 de septiembre, General Penitenciaria y su Reglamento de desarrollo, aprobado por Real Decreto 190/1996, de 9 de febrero, efectuar un análisis crítico del cuadro obligacional y funcional del personal facultativo y de enfermería establecido en el viejo Reglamento Penitenciario de 1981, para determinar si, desde un punto de vista jurídico, puede erigirse en obstáculo o freno para que la Administración Penitenciaria proceda al desarrollo y ejecución de las funciones que tiene atribuidas en materia de planificación, organización y dirección de las actividades tendentes al mantenimiento y mejora de la higiene y de la salud en el medio penitenciario (AU)

The aim of this study of prison health care staff in Prison Health Care and Nursing Units is twofold. The first one is to consider those aspects of the legal system applicable to them as government employees of the General State Administration at the service of Prisons, highlighting the peculiarities of the legal regulations that can be applied as a result of providing said service. The second, based on the general regulations on prison health contained in Organic Law 1/1979, of 26 September, General Penitentiary Law and the implementing regulations thereof, approved by Royal Decree 190/1966, of 9 February, sets out to provide a critical analysis of the obligatory and functional framework for health care and nursing staff established in the old Penitentiary Regulations of 1981, to determine from a legal perspective if it is possible to impede or brake so that the Prison Administration may develop or carry out the functions for which it is responsible in terms of planning, organization and management of activities geared towards maintaining and improving hygiene and health in the prison environment (AU)

Occupational health nursing in hungary.

This article is the first about occupational health nursing in Hungary. The authors describe the Hungarian health care and occupational health care systems, including nursing education and professional organizations for occupational health nurses. The Fundamental Law of Hungary guarantees the right of every employee to healthy and safe working conditions, daily and weekly rest times and annual paid leave, and physical and mental health. Hungary promotes the exercise of these rights by managing industrial safety and health care, providing access to healthy food, supporting sports and regular physical exercise, and ensuring environmental protection. According to the law, the responsibility for regulation of the occupational health service lies with the Ministry of Human Resources. Safety regulations are under the aegis of the Ministry of National Economy.

Health promotion overview: evidence-based strategies for occupational health nursing practice.

Health promotion practice has evolved over the past four decades in response to the rising rates of chronic disease. The focus of health promotion is attaining wellness by managing modifiable risk factors, such as smoking, diet, or physical activity. Occupational health nurses are often asked to conduct worksite health promotion programs for individuals or groups, yet may be unfamiliar with evidence-based strategies. Occupational health nurses should lead interprofessional groups in designing and implementing worksite health promotion programs. This article introduces occupational health nurses to health promotion concepts and discusses evidence-based theories and planning models that can be easily introduced into practice.

International survey of occupational health nurses' roles in multidisciplinary teamwork in occupational health services.

Access to occupational health services for primary prevention and control of work-related injuries and illnesses by the global workforce is limited (World Health Organization [WHO], 2013). From the WHO survey of 121 (61%) participating countries, only one-third of the responding countries provided occupational health services to more than 30% of their workers (2013). How services are provided in these countries is dependent on legal requirements and regulations, population, workforce characteristics, and culture, as well as an understanding of the impact of workplace hazards and worker health needs. Around the world, many occupational health services are provided by occupational health nurses independently or in collaboration with other disciplines' professionals. These services may be health protection, health promotion, or both, and are designed to reduce health risks, support productivity, improve workers' quality of life, and be cost-effective. Rantanen (2004) stated that basic occupational health services must increase rather than decline, especially as work becomes more complex; workforces become more dynamic and mobile, creating new models of work-places; and jobs become more precarious and temporary. To better understand occupational health services provided by occupational health nurses globally and how decisions are made to provide these services, this study examined the scope of services provided by a sample of participating occupational health nurses from various countries.

Respiratory protection competencies for the occupational health nurse.

Approximately 5 million workers employed at 1.3 million work settings are required to wear some form of respiratory protection as part of their jobs. Occupational health nurses can protect the respiratory health of America's workforce. In 2012, the American Association of Occupational Health Nurses Grants Committee Working Group conducted a nationwide survey of occupational health nurses to assess their knowledge, comfort, skills, and abilities relative to respiratory protection. The Working Group used the survey findings as a foundation for the development of respiratory protection competencies for occupational health nurses and a guide for the development of educational modules.

Review of worksite weight management programs.

This article explores worksite weight management programs by reviewing the literature and providing recommendations to address obesity, a major public health challenge. Ten full-text articles published between 2005 and 2013 were reviewed. The literature supports a combination of physical activity, education, and diet to either maintain weight or result in modest weight loss.

Effectiveness of an on-site health clinic at a self-insured university: a cost-benefit analysis.

This study assessed the impact and cost-effectiveness of an on-site health clinic at a self-insured university. Health care costs and number of claims filed to primary care providers were trended before and after the clinic was established to determine savings. A retrospective chart review of all full-time, insured employees treated for upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) during a 1-year study period was conducted. On-site clinic costs for the treatment of URIs were compared to costs at outside community providers for similar care. Community cost norms for the treatment of URIs were provided by Primary Physicians Care, the administrator of insurance claims for the University. A cost-benefit analysis compared the cost of services on-site versus similar services at an outside community provider. Based on the results of this study, the University's on-site health care services were determined to be more cost-effective than similar off-site health care services for the treatment of URIs. [Workplace Health Saf 2014;62(4):162-169.].